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The Periyar River, often called the “Lifeline of Kerala,” is the longest river in the state and a vital resource for the region’s economy. It provides essential water for drinking, irrigation, and electricity generation. Kochi, a major city, sources its water from this river. Additionally, about 25% of Kerala’s industries are located along the river’s banks, particularly in the Eloor-Edayar industrial zone.
The Journey of the Periyar River: From Source to Basin
Originating from Chokkampatti Mala in the Periyar Tiger Reserve, the river flows through various landscapes, forming boundaries between different sections of the reserve. It joins with the Mullayar River to create the Periyar Thekkady Lake and reservoir and then passes through Vandiperiyar, Elappara, and Ayyappancoil before reaching the Idukki Reservoir. Key tributaries of the Periyar include the Cheruthoni, Mullayar, Muthirapuzha, Edamala, and Perinjankutti rivers.
The Periyar River basin spans 5,398 km², primarily in central Kerala, featuring a diverse landscape that ranges from high hills to lowlands. It drains parts of the Idukki, Ernakulam, and Thrissur districts in Kerala, as well as the Coimbatore district in Tamil Nadu. The region is known for its high ecological sensitivity and significant forest cover.
Dams and Ecological Significance of the Periyar River
Several major dams, such as Idukki, Mullaperiyar, Bhoothathankettu, and Idamalayar, are built on the Periyar River. These dams support hydroelectric projects like the Idukki Dam, contributing significantly to power generation in Kerala. The Periyar Valley Irrigation Project is crucial in supporting agriculture and controlling salinity intrusion.
Ecologically, the Periyar River and its surrounding areas are home to rich biodiversity, including the Periyar Tiger Reserve, which is crucial for the conservation of elephants in Southern India. The nearby Thattekad Bird Sanctuary is also renowned for its diverse birdlife.
The river holds substantial religious and cultural significance. The Aluva Sivarathri festival and Kalady, the birthplace of Sri Adi Shankara, are significant religious sites along the river. Malayatoor Church, located atop Malayatoor Hill, attracts numerous Christian pilgrims. The Periyar River is important in various local festivals and religious practices.
However, the Periyar River faces significant environmental challenges. Pollution from industries poses a severe threat to its ecosystem. Additionally, illegal sand mining disrupts the river’s natural flow and contributes to environmental degradation.
